Neuropharmacology

Synthesis of Acetylcholine

-Acetylcholine synthesis is the rate limiting step

-Choline is the rate limiting factor in the synthesis of acetylcholine

-Inactivation occurs by degradation, then reuptake

Muscarinic ACh Receptors

-Antagonists: Atropine. Symptoms: Dry as a stone, red as a beat, mad as a hatter, Constipation, tachycardia, fever, mydriasis etc.

-Trihexiphenidyl is M1 blocker used in PD for tremor

    Ipratropium is M3 blockers used in asthma/COPD

-Agonists: Bethanecol, carbachol etc. Rarely used in ileus, atonic bladder.

Click here to Read More

Cerebral palsy

Objectives

-Define cerebral palsy.

  ● appreciate magnitude of the problem.

  ● know common handicaps associated with CP

  ● know etiology of the disease.

  ● be able to classify a case of cerebral palsy. 

  ● gives relevant differential diagnosis.

  ● gives relevant investigations.

  ● identify goal of management.

  ● identify types of management to be provided

  ● know prognosis of the disease. 

Click here to Read More

Dyslipedemias

Click here to view Slideshow

Blood Cells

Introducción

-Tejido conectivo especializado

-Células sanguíneas

-7 – 8% del peso total

-5 – 6 Litros (adulto)

PLASMA

=Transporta hormonas

=Facilita el intercambio de mediadores químicos

=Participa en el equilibrio A/B

=Proteínas plasmáticas: regulación osmótica

Click here to Read More

Patient safety

Patient safety is a serious global public health issue. In recent years, countries have increasingly recognized the importance of improving patient safety.

Estimates show that in developed countries as many as one in 10 patients is harmed while receiving hospital care. The harm can be caused by a range of errors or adverse events. In October 2004 WHO launched  the world alliance for patient safety in response to WHO Assembly  of 2002 urging WHO and members States to pay the closest possible attention to the problem on patient safety

In developing countries, the probability of patients being harmed in hospitals is higher than in industrialized nations. The risk of health care-associated infection in some developing countries is as much as 20 times higher than in developed countries.

Click here to Read More

Pulmonary function test

Pulmonary function tests are a group of test that measure how well the lungs take in and release air and how well they move oxygen into the blood.(it is a non invasive)

In a spirometry test, you breathe into a mouthpiece that is connected to an instrument called a spirometer. The spirometer records the amount and the rate of air that you breathe in and out over a period of time.

Lung volume measurement can be done in two ways:

-The most accurate way is to sit in a sealed, clear box that looks like a telephone booth (body plethysmograph) while breathing in and out into a mouthpiece. Changes in pressure inside the box help determine the lung volume.

Click here to Read More

Medical transducers

An Introduction to Sensors and Transducers

=The words 'sensor' and 'transducer' are both widely used in the description of measurement systems

=The word 'sensor' is derived from entire meaning 'to perceive' and 'transducer' is from transducer meaning 'to lead across'.

=A dictionary definition of 'sensor' is `a device that detects a change in a physical stimulus and turns it into a signal which can be measured or recorded;

=A corresponding definition of 'transducer' is 'a device that transfers power from one system to another in the same or in the different form'. 

=A sensible distinction is to use 'sensor' for the sensing element itself and 'transducer' for the sensing element plus any associated circuitry. 

=All transducers would thus contain a sensor and most (though not all) sensors would also be transducers. 

Click here to Read More

Ultrasound

why medical imaging is required?



=Medical imaging  provides a pictorial status of particular organ which is to be treated   
=It makes a surgical targets more clear and precise
=It provides a pictorial status of fetus development  right from 4th weak to 36th- 38th week  
=It make therapeutic targets easy to detect and treat 


TYPES OF  MEDICAL IMAGING  WIDELY USED 

-X-RAY
-MAMOGRAPHY
-CONTRAST  RADIOGRAPHY
-ULTRA SOUND
-CT SCAN
-MRI
-SPECT(SINGLE PHOTON EMMISION TOMOGRAPHY)
-PET(POSITRON EMISSION TOMOGRAPHY)

Click here to Read More

Catharization

WHAT WE WOULD COVER….

-WHAT  IS CATHETER

-WHY CATHETERS ARE REQUIRED

-TYPES OF CATHETERS

-WHAT  IS CATHARIZATION  AND ASSOCIATED TEQNIUES 

-Pulmonary Artery Catheterization

-COMPLICATIONS WITH CATHRIZATION

In medicine, a catheter is a tube that can be inserted into a body cavity, duct, or vessel. Catheters thereby allow drainage, injection of fluids, or access by surgical instruments.

Click here to Read More

Respiratory dialysis ( Hemolung)

RESPIRATORY DIALYSIS 

-COPD

-ARDS

-Lung Trauma

-Pre & Post Anesthesia  in selected cases

-Chronic Bronchitis

-Congestive Heart Failure with pulmonary edema

-Neonatal Respiratory Distress Syndrome

COPD is predicted to be the third leading cause of death by 2020.Approximately 2.5 million people die yearly from acute exacerbations of the  respiratory diseases.

Click here to Read More

Specimen collection in Infectious diseases

Click here to view Slideshow

Why specimen collection is Important in Microbiology

Specimen collection in Microbiology to isolate and identify the causative agents forms back bone of the investigative procedures.

In developing world, lack of awareness and casual attitude among junior staff hampers the definitive diagnosis.

Specific procedures in collecting specimens will certainly improve the quality of services of Microbiology Departments

Important questions before collecting a specimen

=Are you suspecting an Infection ?

    If so what is the Nature of infection, eg Bacterial,Viral, Mycological or

=Parasitological

=Which tests are your priority ?

=When to collect the specimen ?

=How to collect the specimen ?

=Am I choosing the correct container ?

=Why to send the specimens promptly

    if not what I should do ?

Clinical approach to bleeding per rectum

Click here to view Slideshow

Clinical Approach 

-History

-Physical Examination

-Investigation

-Diagnosis

-Management

Lower Gastrointestinal Bleeding

-Lower GI bleeding originates in the portions of the GI tract below the Treitz ligament

-Hematochezia 90%

-Melena 10%

Hanta virus

Click here to view Slideshow

Hanta Viruses

Hanta virus belong to family  - Bunyaviridae Found Globally Causes serious diseases, can be fatal .It is estimated there are 100,000 to 200,000 infections occur worldwide.

Hanta Virus diseases

Hantavirus infections are caused by a group of viruses known as hantaviruses. These viruses cause two serious illnesses in humans. They are hemorrhagic (pronounced heh-meh-RA-jik) fever with renal syndrome (HFRS) and hantavirus pulmonary syndrome (HPS). 

Gas plasma sterilization

Click here to view Slideshow

GAS PLASMA

Gas Plasma (vaporized hydrogen peroxide) is a relatively new option that can provide low heat sterility cycles with none of the off-gassing concerns present with EtO. Gas Plasma (VHP) sterilization has, until now, been exclusively used by large manufacturers as the end line process for in-house sterilization. 

What is Gas Plasma

Plasma is a fourth state of matter which is distinguishable from liquid, solid, or gas. In nature, plasma is widespread in outer space. 

Gas plasma generated in an enclosed chamber under deep vacuum using Radio frequency or Microwave emery to excite gas molecules are produced charged particles

Pseudomonas Septicemia

Click here to view Slideshow

Treatment & course during hospitalisation

Oral hygiene- chlorhexidine mouth wash

IV crystalloid –IVF NS & IP

        after hydration passed urine,relieving pain

        abdomen

IV antibiotics – started empiric treatment with 

                which further restricted to

                 inj.piperacilin tazobactum after blood c/s reporting

Patient received 1 unit of PRC & F.F.P.

Improved within 48 hrs –GCS 15/15

          fever severity decreased

          urine out put normal

          taking oral feeds

          no more pain abdomen 

Concurrent Nimotuzumab in Chemoradiation of Advanced Inoperable Head & Neck Cancer

Click here to view Slideshow

Introduction 

-Radiation therapy is the primary modality of treatment for loco-regionally advanced inoperable Head & Neck cancers. 

With Radiation therapy alone the rate of treatment failure is high, the overall cure rate and length of patient survival is lower. 

-New strategies have been continuously implemented : 

Use of concurrent chemotherapeutic drugs as radiation sensitizers has perhaps had the strongest impact on radiation therapy practice.

-Currently Biological response modifiers which enhance radiation and chemotherapy responses have been shown to further improve the therapeutic outcome of radiation therapy with acceptable morbidity.

CERVICAL SPONDYLOSIS SYNDROME

Click here to view Slideshow

Definition

Degeneration of cervical IVD and the secondary degeneration of cervical intervertebral joints, leads to injury of spinal cord, nerve roots and vertebral artery, and shows corresponding symptoms and signs

Causes

-Injury:   

     acute injury can further injure originally degenerative cervical vertebra and discs, this can induce cervical spondylosis.

 Chronic injury can speed up process of degeneration.

-Congenital deformity:

    stenosis of the cervical spinal canal.

Sterilization of operation theatres

Click here to view Slideshow

Greek Era

-Aristotle Greek Philosopher recommends 

   --Boiling water to   armies. Advises the Alexander.

   --Recommends hygiene for healthy living 

HAND WASHING- Semmelweis

Practices, emphasizes the importance of washing hands with chlorinated water in Obstetrics  to reduce maternal mortality

Surgical Neuropathology

Click here to view Slideshow

Important questions

-Age

-Location

-Clinical presentation

-Imaging

-Is this a new or recurrent lesion?

-Systemic infection or illness?

-Prior surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation?

-Has the patient been treated by steroid?

Neuropathology-Metabolic disorders

Click here to view Slideshow

Leukodystrophy

--Definition: 

It can manifests as leukoencephalomyelopathy, leukoencephalopathy, and leukomyelopathy.

Defective formation and maintenance of myelin. The white matter but not the gray matter is affected.

Leukodystrophies usually occur as hereditary diseases in infants and children. 

Some milder forms can have initial presentation can occur in adults.

--Etiology:

Storage disorder: peroxisomal and lysosomal, e.g., X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy, Krabbe disease.

Myelin formation: e.g., Pelizaeus-Merzbacher disease.

Others: e.g., Alexander’s disease, ataxia with vitamin E deficiency, subacute combined degeneration.